"It's the dumbest thing you could possibly do to think that you have more power than the president of the United States," Gerber said, referring to Musk's social media tirade against Trump.
But an Oxford team of scientists, led by Howard Florey, carried out the first successful trials. With large-scale production difficult in the UK, they took their research to the United States, where drug companies expanded output.Before the development of penicillin, blood poisoning could follow even minor wounds with no cure available. So with the anticipation of the huge military effort ahead, supplies of the drug were seen as essential.
Early in 1944, the prime minister was complaining to his ministers about Britain's inability to produce it at scale. He scrawled in red ink on a Ministry of Supply report that said the Americans were producing greater quantities: "I am sorry we can't produce more".Later in the year, in response to explanations from officials, he said: "Your report on penicillin showing that we are only to get about one-tenth of the expected output this year, is very disappointing."On another report, he instructs: "Let me have proposals for a more abundant supply from Great Britain".
Less than a fortnight before D-Day, health officials could report that sufficient supplies had been obtained, most from the US, but only for battle casualties.Dr Jessamy Carlson, modern records specialist at The National Archives, said: "The files give a glimpse into the extraordinary levels of preparation undertaken in advance of the D-Day landings.
"Only six weeks before, penicillin is just reaching our shores in quantities which will allow it to play a major role in improving the outcomes for service personnel wounded in action."
But what's now seen as the first true antibiotic would not be fully available to the general public till 1946.The Sanchez government is setting up what Ms Pace calls a "national dialogue", involving NGOs and private business. The aim is to balance plugging labour market gaps with avoiding strains on public services, by using extra tax revenue from new migrant workers, to build housing and extra classrooms, for example.
Right now the plan is aspirational. It's too early to judge, if successful, or not."Successful" migration policy depends on what governments, regardless of their political stripe, set as their priority, says Ms Dennison.
In Denmark, the first priority is preserving the Danish social system. Italy prioritises offshoring the processing of migrants. While Hungary's prime minister Victor Orban wants strict migrant limits to protect Europe's "Christian roots", he claims.Overstaying visas is thought to be the most common way migrants enter and stay in Europe without legal papers.